> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.newenergycoder.club/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# 控制算法

> 嵌入式控制算法实现

<Warning>
  本页内容为通用技术参考模板，尚未充分结合 NEC 实际硬件、赛季项目或真实调参数据。欢迎有实战经验的成员补充具体案例与代码出处。
</Warning>

## PID 控制器

### 位置式 PID

```cpp theme={null}
class PID {
public:
    struct Config {
        float Kp, Ki, Kd;
        float outputMin, outputMax;
        float integralMin, integralMax;
    };
    
    PID(const Config& cfg) : config_(cfg) {}
    
    float update(float setpoint, float measurement) {
        float error = setpoint - measurement;
        
        // 积分
        integral_ += error;
        integral_ = constrain(integral_, config_.integralMin, config_.integralMax);
        
        // 微分
        float derivative = error - lastError_;
        lastError_ = error;
        
        // 计算输出
        float output = config_.Kp * error 
                     + config_.Ki * integral_ 
                     + config_.Kd * derivative;
        
        return constrain(output, config_.outputMin, config_.outputMax);
    }
    
    void reset() {
        integral_ = 0;
        lastError_ = 0;
    }
    
private:
    Config config_;
    float integral_ = 0;
    float lastError_ = 0;
};
```

### 积分分离

```cpp theme={null}
float update_with_integral_separation(float error) {
    float output;
    
    if (fabs(error) > INTEGRAL_SEPARATION_THRESHOLD) {
        // 大误差时不积分
        output = Kp * error + Kd * (error - lastError);
    } else {
        // 小误差时正常PID
        integral += error;
        output = Kp * error + Ki * integral + Kd * (error - lastError);
    }
    
    lastError = error;
    return output;
}
```

## 数字滤波

### 一阶低通滤波

```cpp theme={null}
class LowPassFilter {
public:
    LowPassFilter(float alpha) : alpha_(alpha), output_(0) {}
    
    float filter(float input) {
        output_ = alpha_ * input + (1 - alpha_) * output_;
        return output_;
    }
    
    void reset() { output_ = 0; }
    
private:
    float alpha_;
    float output_;
};

// 使用示例
LowPassFilter lpf(0.1f);  // alpha = 0.1
float filtered = lpf.filter(raw_value);
```

### 卡尔曼滤波

```cpp theme={null}
class KalmanFilter {
public:
    KalmanFilter(float q, float r, float p, float x) 
        : q_(q), r_(r), p_(p), x_(x) {}
    
    float update(float measurement) {
        // 预测
        p_ = p_ + q_;
        
        // 更新
        float k = p_ / (p_ + r_);
        x_ = x_ + k * (measurement - x_);
        p_ = (1 - k) * p_;
        
        return x_;
    }
    
private:
    float q_;  // 过程噪声
    float r_;  // 测量噪声
    float p_;  // 估计误差协方差
    float x_;  // 状态估计
};
```

## 运动控制

### 电机控制

```cpp theme={null}
class MotorController {
public:
    MotorController(PID::Config pid_cfg) 
        : pid_(pid_cfg) {}
    
    void setSpeed(float targetSpeed) {
        targetSpeed_ = targetSpeed;
    }
    
    void update(float currentSpeed) {
        // PID计算
        float output = pid_.update(targetSpeed_, currentSpeed);
        
        // 设置PWM
        setPWM(output);
    }
    
private:
    PID pid_;
    float targetSpeed_ = 0;
};
```

### 底盘控制

```cpp theme={null}
class ChassisController {
public:
    void setTargetVelocity(float vx, float vy, float omega) {
        // 逆运动学解算
        float w1, w2, w3, w4;
        mecanumIK(vx, vy, omega, w1, w2, w3, w4);
        
        // 设置各轮速度
        motorFL_.setSpeed(w1);
        motorFR_.setSpeed(w2);
        motorBL_.setSpeed(w3);
        motorBR_.setSpeed(w4);
    }
    
    void update() {
        // 更新所有电机
        motorFL_.update(encoderFL_.getSpeed());
        motorFR_.update(encoderFR_.getSpeed());
        motorBL_.update(encoderBL_.getSpeed());
        motorBR_.update(encoderBR_.getSpeed());
    }
    
private:
    MotorController motorFL_, motorFR_, motorBL_, motorBR_;
    Encoder encoderFL_, encoderFR_, encoderBL_, encoderBR_;
};
```

## 参数整定

### 试凑法步骤

1. **先调 P**：从小到大，直到系统开始振荡
2. **加入 I**：消除稳态误差，I 不宜过大
3. **加入 D**：抑制超调，改善动态性能

### Ziegler-Nichols 法

```
步骤：
1. 先只用 P 控制，从小到大调 Kp
2. 找到临界增益 Ku（系统持续振荡）
3. 记录振荡周期 Tu
4. 根据表格计算 PID 参数：

   P: Kp = 0.6 * Ku
   PI: Kp = 0.45 * Ku, Ki = 1.2 * Kp / Tu
   PID: Kp = 0.6 * Ku, Ki = 2 * Kp / Tu, Kd = Kp * Tu / 8
```

## 调试工具

<Card title="串口调试助手" icon="terminal">
  实时查看控制参数和曲线
</Card>